ABSTRACT
La hipertensión porta (HTP) es el resultado del incremento de la presión dentro del sistema venoso porta. Se presenta con poca frecuencia en el paciente pediátrico pero es una de las mayores causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en el niño con enfermedad hepática. La mayoría de los pacientes con http presentan un estado hiperdinámico, lo cual aumenta el flujo venoso porta y mantiene la hipertensión. Puede ser secundaria a obstrucción a nivel prehepático, intrahepático o extrahehepático.
Portal hypertension (PH) is the result of increased pressure within the portal venous system. It occurs infrequently in the pediatric patient but it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with liver disease. Most patients with PH have a hyperdynamic state, which increases venous flow and portal hypertension remains. May be secondary to obstruction at prehepatic, intrahepatic or extrahehepatic.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Ascites/classification , Splenomegaly/classification , Splenomegaly/complications , Hematemesis/mortality , Hematemesis/blood , Hypertension, Portal/epidemiology , Hypertension, Portal/mortality , Hypertension, Portal/pathology , Hepatolenticular Degeneration/classification , Hepatolenticular Degeneration/diagnosis , Cystic Fibrosis/classification , Child Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Child Nutrition Disorders/genetics , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Child Nutrition Disorders/bloodABSTRACT
India recognized the importance of improving the health and nutritional status of children, and initiated steps to improve access to nutrition and health services soon after independence. Over the years, the infrastructure and human resources for manning the health and nutrition services have been built up and currently cover the entire country. However these are inadequacies in terms of content and quality of services and undernutrition rates and under five morality rates continue to be high. Undernutrition begins in utero, and with low birthweight, effective antenatal care can help in reducing low birth weight. The poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, repeated morbidity due to infections and poor utilization of health and nutrition services are other causes of undernutrition in children in India. The key intervention to prevent undernutrition is nutritional and health education through all modes of communication, to bring about is a behavioral change towards appropriate IYCF and utilization of health care. Appropriate convergence and synergy between health and nutrition functionaries can play a major role in early detection and effective management of both undernutrition and infections, accelerate the pace of reduction in both undernutrition and under five mortality and enable India to reach Millennium Development Goals.
Subject(s)
Birth Weight , Child , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Child Nutrition Disorders/prevention & control , Child Welfare , Humans , India , Infant, Newborn , Nutritional StatusSubject(s)
Bangladesh/epidemiology , Child Nutrition Disorders/diet therapy , Child Nutrition Disorders/drug therapy , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Child Welfare , Child, Preschool , Energy Intake , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Infant , Male , Minerals/therapeutic use , Nutritional Status , Time Factors , Vitamins/therapeutic use , Weight Gain , Global Health , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the trends in cause-specific mortality and the impact of child-survival programmes in Morocco. Two national surveys on causes and circumstances of child deaths were conducted in Morocco in 1988 and 1998 (ECCD-1 and ECCD-2 respectively). These surveys were based on a representative sample of deaths of children aged less than five years (432 and 866 respectively). Causes of death were assessed by verbal autopsy and were validated on a subsample of 94 cases. Data on causes of deaths were matched with death rates from demographic surveys (Enquête Nationale Démographique à Passages Répétés and Demographic and Health Survey) to compute cause-specific death rates. Morocco underwent a dramatic mortality decline since independence, and the decline in mortality among children aged less than five years was particularly rapid over the 1988-1997 period, at an average rate of -6% a year, and faster for children (aged 1-4 year(s)) than for infants. The decline in mortality varied markedly by causes of death and was most pronounced for causes due to vaccine-preventable diseases, such as neonatal tetanus, measles, whooping cough, tuberculosis, for diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition, and for selected infectious diseases. However, mortality due to acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) outside the neonatal period did not change significantly as was the case for some neonatal conditions (birth trauma and prematurity) and for accidents. The decline in cause-specific mortality could be attributed to the success of public-health programmes: the Expanded Programme on Immunization, the management of diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition, and the use of antibiotics for selected infectious diseases. It is likely that improvements in living conditions, child-feeding practices, hygiene, and sanitation also contributed to the decline in mortality, although these could not explain the magnitude of the changes for target diseases. In contrast, the ALRI programme, which started after 1997, could not have any effect yet, and conditions of delivery and care of the newborn improved only marginally over the study period.
Subject(s)
Autopsy , Cause of Death , Child Mortality/trends , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Child, Preschool , Communicable Disease Control , Communicable Diseases/mortality , Female , Humans , Immunization/methods , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , MoroccoABSTRACT
La ciencia y la tecnología nunca resolverán todos los problemas suscitados por la insuficiencia de alimentos y la falta de servicios de salud y saneamiento, propiciantes de la desnutrición infantil. Pero los éxitos de los adelantos científicos y los conocimientos obtenidos, han dado pie a nuevas esperanzas de lograr vidas más saludables y productivas, tanto para los niños como para los adultos. Parte de estos conocimientos, como el fortalecimiento del sistema de inmunidad gracias a los efectos de la vitamina A, están bien establecidos. Con el objetivo de demostrar que la suplementación de micro nutrientes a niños en situaciones de pobreza puede propiciar una reducción en la aparición de enfermedades infecciosas más frecuentes, se diseñó un estudio experimental de campo, descriptivo y longitudinal, sobre una población integrada por niños de educación inicial ubicados en el Barrio Hugo Rafael Chávez del Sector Walter Márquez de San Josecito, Municipio Torbes. Luego de visitas de inducción, capacitación y censo de morbilidad, se procedió a desparasitar con albendazol y a suministrar dosis pediátricas de vitamina A en capsulas blandas 3 días, sulfato de cinc en tabletas 15 días y sulfato ferroso en jarabe 3 meses, para cumplir un plan de seguimiento mensual durante tres meses. Se incorporan 25 niños y niñas, de los cuales el 50 por ciento de los menores de 2 años de edad tenían algún grado de desnutrición aguda. Mientras que el 36 por ciento de los mayores de dos años tenían desnutrición crónica. De las enfermedades conseguidas, las del aparato respiratorio fueron las más frecuentes, seguidas por las intestinales. Dentro de las respiratorias, las gripes, rinitis y catarro fueron el 81,3 por ciento. Las diarreas fueron el 57,8 por ciento de las digestivas. Las piodermitis fueron el 50 por ciento de las infecciones de piel. Finalmente, la caries dental como enfermedad infecciosa bucal, fue el 55,8 por ciento de otras enfermedades.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/complications , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/therapy , Iron/administration & dosage , Morbidity , Poverty Areas , Poverty/trends , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Vitamin A/administration & dosage , Zinc/administration & dosage , Iron/pharmacology , Trace Elements/therapeutic use , Social Impact Indicators , Dietary Supplements , Vitamin A/pharmacology , Zinc/pharmacologyABSTRACT
La desnutrición crónica es el tipo de desnutrición mas frecuente en América Latina. Observaciones clínicas no spermiten suponer que la desnutrición edematosa aun constituye un factor preponderante en la mortalidad infantil hospitalaria. El objetivo es medir la prevalencia y características de los niños internados por desnutrición severa en el Hospital Albina R de Patiño de la ciudad de Cochabamba en los años 2000 y 2001.
Subject(s)
Child , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/mortality , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Infant MortalityABSTRACT
Rajasthan is the largest state in the country frequently affected by droughts. The year 2002 happened to be the fifth consecutive year of drought. Almost all districts of the State were hit by it. The district of Baran located in South-East of Rajasthan has 'Sahariya' tribal population concentrated in its Kishanganj and Shahabad blocks. Press reports of starvation deaths amongst tribal children in these blocks created a stir in the local district and the State Government set ups. The paper describes an objective and professional approach to deal with the situation. Rapid nutritional assessment indicated very high prevalence of severe under weight (28.3%) and wasting (4.7%) amongst under five children. Nutrition Care Centres (NCC) were set up in selected villages to provide targeted feeding and care to these children as per WHO guidelines. Local 'Sahariya' community was involved to run these NCC. Intensive public education campaign was carried out to promote improved child caring practices and referral of malnourished children with complication to hospitals. Orientation of press and electronic media on factual details regarding the situation helped create an enabling environment to implement remedial measures. The impact of 'Nutrition Care Centres' assessed after six months was found to be positive in terms of reduction in prevalence of under nutrition in children from 66.7% to 59.6%. Successful management of severe malnutrition amongst children by workers at Nutrition Care Centes and in family settings using standard protocols led to the wide scale replication of the approach by Anganwadi centres in different district of Rajasthan. The State Government also created an additional cadre of worker called 'Sahayogini' to support Anganwadi worker and promote better child caring practices at family level.
Subject(s)
Child Health Services/organization & administration , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Child, Preschool , Disasters , Female , Health Education/organization & administration , Health Policy , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Infant Nutrition Disorders/mortality , Infant, Newborn , Male , Mass Media , Nutrition Surveys , Organizational Case Studies , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Program Evaluation , Public Health Practice , Sex Factors , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Se revisaron los expedintes clínicos de 333 niños desnutridos que ingresaron al Servicio de Nutrición del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, desde enero de 1985 hasta diciembre de 1988. La púrpura se presentó en 42 niños (12.6 por ciento), en una relación 1:1 con respecto al sexo. Esta fue más frecuente en los niños pequeños. El 61% cursó con niveles bajos de hemoglobina; en 26 casos se determinaron niveles de folatos y de vitamina B12; hubo deficiencia de folatos en 10 pacientes. El 38 por ciento presentó trombocitopenia; pero en ausencia de complicaciones no hubo sangrado. El 95% presentó datos clínicos de infecciones, especialmente en el tracato gastrointestinal, corroborados por cultivo en 22 casos. Se aislaron principalmente gérmentes Gram negativos y estafilococo. La mortalidad global fue de 16.5 por ciento y en los niños con púrpura de 28 por ciento, que es más baja a la obsevada por otros autores.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Purpura/physiopathology , Child Nutrition Disorders/complications , Purpura/mortality , Child Nutrition Disorders/mortalityABSTRACT
O relatório traz um resumo da situaçäo de saúde do Brasil no período de 1985-1988. Fase de transiçäo política institucional de grande relevância para todo o país e particularmente para o setor saúde. Fala sobre a situaçäo política, econômica e social do país. Bem como, os problemas de saúde tais como mortalidade materna, planejamento familiar, saúde do adolescente, enfermidades transmissíveis, saúde do adulto e sobre a situaçäo nutricional